Replicative fitness and pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses in lymphoid tissue, primary human and chimpanzee cells: relation to possible jumps to humans.

BACKGROUND: Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) have been jumping between non-human primates in West/Central Africa for thousands of years and yet, the HIV-1 epidemic only originated from a primate lentivirus over 100 years ago. METHODS: This study examined the replicative fitness, transmission, restriction, and cytopathogenicity of 22 primate lentiviruses in primary human lymphoid tissue and both primary human and chimpanzee peripheral blood mononuclear cells. FINDINGS: Pairwise competitions revealed that SIV from chimpanzees (cpz) had the highest replicative fitness in human or chimpanzee peripheral blood mononuclear cells, even higher fitness than HIV-1 group M strains responsible for worldwide epidemic. The SIV strains belonging to the "HIV-2 lineage" (including SIVsmm, SIVmac, SIVagm) had the lowest replicative fitness. SIVcpz strains were less inhibited by human restriction factors than the "HIV-2 lineage" strains. SIVcpz efficiently replicated in human tonsillar tissue but did not deplete CD4+ T-cells, consistent with the slow or nonpathogenic disease observed in most chimpanzees. In contrast, HIV-1 isolates and SIV of the HIV-2 lineage were pathogenic to the human tonsillar tissue, almost independent of the level of virus replication. INTERPRETATION: Of all primate lentiviruses, SIV from chimpanzees appears most capable of infecting and replicating in humans, establishing HIV-1. SIV from other Old World monkeys, e.g. the progenitor of HIV-2, replicate slowly in humans due in part to restriction factors. Nonetheless, many of these SIV strains were more pathogenic than SIVcpz. Either SIVcpz evolved into a more pathogenic virus while in humans or a rare SIVcpz, possibly extinct in chimpanzees, was pathogenic immediately following the jump into human. FUNDING: Support for this study to E.J.A. was provided by the NIH/NIAID R01 AI49170 and CIHR project grant 385787. Infrastructure support was provided by the NIH CFAR AI36219 and Canadian CFI/Ontario ORF 36287. Efforts of J.A.B. and N.J.H. was provided by NIH AI099473 and for D.H.C., by VA and NIH AI AI080313.

Trabajo colaborativo entre academia y autoridades de salud en tiempos de COVID-19: experiencia en Santander, Colombia

Introducción: Colombia es uno de los países con mayor número de casos de COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe. Los gobiernos no pueden trabajar solos en una crisis de gran intensidad, por lo que las alianzas y la colaboración Gobierno-academia toman un valor preponderante. Objetivo: Sistematizar la experiencia del trabajo colaborativo que se realizó entre actores académicos de la región y las autoridades de salud del departamento de Santander, Colombia, en el marco de la emergencia sanitaria por COVID-19 durante 2020-2021. Metodología: A partir de la sistematización de experiencias y desde el enfoque crítico social se realizó un abordaje cualitativo con ocho actores clave del sector académico y de la autoridad en salud que participaron activamente en la alianza. Se hizo una revisión documental y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas. Resultados: Una vez declarada la emergencia sanitaria, de manera rápida se conformaron dos grupos de trabajo colaborativo, uno entre academia y actores gubernamentales del municipio de Bucaramanga y otro entre academia y actores gubernamentales departamentales; ambos grupos se conformaron de manera voluntaria, pero se diferenciaron en su forma de organización. El trabajo colaborativo y voluntario brindó apoyo a las autoridades en salud, principalmente en la fase de preparación para afrontar la pandemia, traducción y difusión del conocimiento, vigilancia epidemiológica y actividades de fortalecimiento de la capacidad de respuesta. Conclusiones: El apoyo brindado por el equipo colaborativo fue muy proliferativo en actividades e intervenciones, no obstante, se presentaron dificultades y una de ellas fue que un número importante de sus recomendaciones no fueron atendidas por las autoridades sanitarias. Las dificultades presentadas no son diferentes a las ya reportadas en otras emergencias de salud pública, por lo que se requiere continuar fortaleciendo las relaciones Gobierno-academia para que se pueda trazar de manera proactiva una agenda que contribuya a superar las limitaciones que se reportan en este trabajo.

Introduction: Colombia is one of the countries with the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Latin America and the Caribbean. In a health crisis of high intensity, governments cannot work alone, so alliances and collaboration between Government and academia take on a preponderant value. Objective: Systematize the experience of the collaborative work carried out between academic actors in the region and the health authorities from the Department of Santander, Colombia in the framework of the health emergency due to COVID-19 during 2020-2021. Methods: Based on the systematization of experiences and from the critical social approach, a qualitative approach was carried out with eight key actors from the academic sector and the health authority that actively participated in the alliance. Documentary review and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Results: Once the health emergency was declared, two collaborative working groups were quickly formed, one between academia and government actors of the municipality of Bucaramanga and another between academia and departmental government actors; both groups were formed voluntarily but differed in their form of organization. The collaborative and voluntary work provided support to health authorities mainly in the preparation phase to face the pandemic, knowledge translation and dissemination, epidemiological surveillance, and response capacity-building activities. Conclusions: The support provided by the collaborative team was very proliferative in activities and interventions; however, difficulties occurred and one of them was that a significant number of their recommendations were not addressed by the health authorities. The difficulties presented are not different from those already reported in other public health emergencies, so it is necessary to continue strengthening the relations between Government-Academia, so that they can proactively draw up an agenda that contributes to overcoming the limitations that are reported in this work.

Evaluation of the quality of prenatal care in Colombia during the 2016 Zika outbreak in endemic and non-endemic areas

Objetive: To evaluate the quality of prenatal care during the outbreak of Zika virus infection in endemic and non-endemic vector-borne regions in Colombia. Materials and methods: A descriptive study of prenatal care supplemented by interviews to explore personal experiences during the epidemic. A total of 40 pregnant women in endemic areas and 44 in nonendemic areas participated. Information collected included previous pregnancies, reasons for starting prenatal care, information about Zika, prenatal care (activities of doctors, nurses, laboratories, and images), and perceptions of quality. Then, 8 interviews were conducted with pregnant women diagnosed with Zika. Questioned about knowledge of Zika and the quality of medical care services. Results: Problems with laboratories and diagnostic images were found in both regions and dehumanizing treatment in the endemic region. Women from the endemic region received news and communications about the effects of Zika during pregnancy, causing anxiety and fear among some women. The quality of health care was not what the women expected and they thought they would receive more care from doctors and nurses. Discussion: Our findings show deficiencies in education provided in health institutions. The experience during prenatal control in the endemic regions was imprecise and the information came from other sources, different from the health sector. Adittionally, support and follow-up was deficient as well. It's possible that health professionals have few knowledge about information management, which generated confusion, fear and uncertainty among the pregnant women about the adverse effects on the newborns. Conclusions: Findings suggest deficiencies in the technical quality of the prenatal care provided, particularly in the region that was endemic for vector-borne diseases. Reproductive health services and the technical quality of prenatal care need to be strengthened, especially during a sanitary crisis.

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de la atención prenatal durante la epidemia de Zika en regiones endémicas y no endémicas de infecciones trasmitidas por vectores en Colombia. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de la atención prenatal complementado con entrevistas, con el fin de explorar experiencias personales durante la epidemia. Participaron 40 gestantes en zona endémica y 44 en no endémicas. La información recolectada incluyó embarazos previos, razones para iniciar control prenatal, información sobre Zika, control prenatal (actividades de médicos, enfermeras, laboratorios e imágenes) y percepción de calidad. Luego se realizaron 8 entrevistas a gestantes con diagnóstico de Zika. Se interrogó sobre conocimiento del Zika y calidad de los servicios de atención médica. Resultados: Se encontraron problemas con laboratorios e imágenes diagnósticas en ambas regiones y trato deshumanizado en la región endémica. Las gestantes en la región endémica recibieron noticias y comunicados sobre los efectos de Zika durante el embarazo, lo que causó ansiedad y miedo en algunas mujeres. La calidad de la atención medica no era la deseada y pensaron que recibirían mejor atención de médicos y enfermeras. Discusión: Nuestros hallazgos demuestran educación deficiente en las instituciones de salud. La experiencia durante el control prenatal en las regiones endémicas fue imprecisa y venía de fuentes diferentes al sector salud. Además, el soporte y seguimiento fue deficiente. Es probable que el personal de salud tenga poco conocimiento sobre cómo manejar la información, lo cual generó confusión, miedo e incertidumbre entre las gestantes sobre los efectos adversos en los bebes. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren deficiencia en la calidad técnica de la atención prenatal, particularmente en la región endémica. Es necesario fortalecer los servicios de salud reproductiva y la calidad técnica de la atención prenatal, especialmente durante crisis sanitaria.

Evaluation of online learning readiness in the new distance learning normality.

The COVID-19 pandemic influenced teaching and learning in higher education. The transformation towards digital education challenged Faculty and students. This research examines the online learning readiness of students in a Higher Education Institution in Mexico. Specifically, we investigated how much prior digital skills, as well as having used the digital resources available by the university, influenced their academic achievement in distance learning settings. Seven dimensions of online learning readiness were selected to evaluate the student's preparation for the online learning process. Questionnaires were applied before the start and at the end of digital courses. Follow-up tools were offered to support the student, and two groups were observed, users and non-users of the digital devices. It was observed that students who used the support developed significantly better critical thinking, problem-solving, and time organization skills than non-users. On the other hand, although the evaluations were not significantly different, the lowest averages were found in the non-user group. Our results indicate that prior training in the use of digital tools is essential for the success of online education; in the same way, a timely follow-up with technical and pedagogical assistance is necessary for developing competencies. Training more autonomous and independent students capable of distance learning in a global world demands experts in digital education urgently. Educational institutions must embrace new technologies and teaching methods to meet the ever-changing needs of students. This research is expected to play a crucial role in promoting constructive discussions and facilitating informed decisions concerning the creation of future educational models.

Metabolic remodeling in astrocytes: Paving the path to brain tumor development.

The brain is a highly metabolic organ, composed of multiple cell classes, that controls crucial functions of the body. Although neurons have traditionally been the main protagonist, astrocytes have gained significant attention over the last decade. In this regard, astrocytes are a type of glial cells that have recently emerged as critical regulators of central nervous system (CNS) function and play a significant role in maintaining brain energy metabolism. However, in certain scenarios, astrocyte behavior can go awry, which poses a significant threat to brain integrity and function. This is definitively the case for mutations that turn normal astrocytes and astrocytic precursors into gliomas, an aggressive type of brain tumor. In addition, healthy astrocytes can interact with tumor cells, becoming part of the tumor microenvironment and influencing disease progression. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence suggesting that disturbed metabolism in astrocytes can contribute to the development and progression of fatal human diseases such as cancer. Emphasis is placed on detailing the molecular bases and metabolic pathways of this disease and highlighting unique metabolic vulnerabilities that can potentially be exploited to develop successful therapeutic opportunities.

Barriers and facilitators of academia-government collaboration in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia: a qualitative study.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of strengthening collaborations between academia and government. The development and maintenance of these collaborative relationships is a complex and dynamic process, particularly during public health emergencies. This study was aimed at identifying and analysing factors that acted as barriers and facilitators in the collaboration process between academia and government during the COVID-19 pandemic in the five largest cities in Colombia. The study used a qualitative approach based on the systematization of experiences. A total of 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted with local actors from government and academia during 2021. Participants identified a variety of situations that involved individual, institutional and relational factors that acted as barriers and facilitators, and which have been previously reported in other countries and contexts not related to pandemics. Based on participant reports, two additional factors emerged, one corresponding to situations related to the pandemic management process itself and another related to structural or systemic conditions that involved government processes and the Colombian health system. Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic, the health emergency brought about shared feelings of local commitment and a willingness to work through interdisciplinary teams to address the pandemic with the least adverse effects on the community. Other facilitators of the collaborative process that were recognized were the importance of timely access to data and transparent analyses, as well as government decisions being informed by the perspectives of academics. The main barriers identified by both actors were excessive centralization of the pandemic's management and the need for rapid decision-making processes under high levels of uncertainty. In addition, the fragmentation of services in the health system posed a barrier to the interventions that were suggested by the collaborative work. Our results suggest that government-academia collaborations should be implemented as ongoing participatory processes integrating various sectors, actors and disciplines.

Análisis de variables emocionales y neuropsicológicas en pacientes con TCA / Analysis of emotional and neuropsychological variables in patients with eating disorders

Introducción: Los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA) son un conjunto de enfermedades psiquiátricas que se presentan através de un comportamiento alimentario gravemente alterado así como por pensamientos y emociones asociados. En este estudio semiden variables neuropsicológicas y emocionales así como el comportamiento alimentario en una muestra de individuos con TCA eindividuos sanos. Material y métodos: La muestra se encuentra formada por 88 participantes de sexo femenino, 39 de ellas con diagnóstico de TCA(grupo TCA, GTCA), y 49 sin TCA (grupo control, GCTRL) con una edad comprendida entre los 13 y 25 años. Se han empleadopruebas como el DEX o el EDI-3 para evaluar variables como la impulsividad y el comportamiento alimentario entre otras.Resultados y discusión: El GTCA mostró una obsesión por la delgadez (p<0,034) e insatisfacción corporal (p<0,02) superior alGCTRL así como una menor velocidad de procesamiento. En las variables emocionales, se observó un mayor grado depresivo yestado apático. Pacientes con un IMC menor a 18,5 presentaron mayores niveles de ansiedad, menor coherencia central y mayorestado depresivo. El análisis de correlaciones mostró que a mayor nivel de depresión, mayor apatía e impulsividad así comoalteraciones en el comportamiento alimentario, memoria, atención y flexibilidad cognitiva. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con TCA presentan estados emocionales más vulnerables donde destacan la depresión, la apatía y laimpulsividad. La coordinación motora, velocidad de procesamiento y el procesamiento visoespacial se han correlacionado también conpeores resultados cuanto mayores fueran los estad.(AU)

Introduction: Eating disorders (TEA) are a set of psychiatric illnesses that occur through severely altered eating behaviour as well asassociated thoughts and emotions. In this study, neuropsychological and emotional variables are measured, as well as eating behaviourin a sample of individuals with eating disorders and healthy individuals. Material and methods: The sample consisted of 88 female participants, 39 of them with eating disorders (TEA group, GTCA), and 49without eating disorders (control group, GCTRL) with an age between 13 and 25 years. It has been used test such as DEX or EDI-3 toevaluate variables such as impulsivity and eating behaviour, among others.Results and discussion: The GTCA showed an obsession with thinness (p<0.034) and body dissatisfaction (p<0.02) higher than theGCTRL as well as a lower processing speed. In emotional variables, a higher degree of depression and apathetic state were observed. Patients with a BMI less than 18.5 presented higher levels of anxiety, lower central coherence and greater depressive state, so that thelower the weight, the worse the results. The correlation analysis showed that higher the level of depression, the higher the apathy andimpulsivity, as well as alterations in eating behaviour, memory, attention and cognitive flexibility. Conclusions: Patients with eating disorders present more vulnerable emotional states where depression, apathy and impulsivenessstand out. Motor coordination, processing speed and visuospatial processing have also been correlated with worse results the greaterthe depressive states and impulsivity.(AU)

Purple urine in Berdon syndrome: a rare finding in the clinic laboratory.

INTRODUCTION: Purple Urine Bag Syndrome (PUBS) is a rare disorder seen in elderly persons, wherein the urinary bag and the tubing turn in to purple colour. It is usually seen in patients who are on urinary catheters for a long time. It consists of a change in the colour of the urine that turns purple in a very specific context. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a paediatric female patient with Berdon Syndrome with symptoms consistent with urinary tract infection and purple urine discolouration. Urine test revealed leukocyturia and bacteriuria. DISCUSSION: Several risk factors have been proposed regarding this syndrome. Among them the commonest are female gender, advanced age, kind of diet (increased dietary tryptophan), alkaline urine and diverse situations that leads to urinary retentions which allows bacteria to work on their substrate for a longer time. Although it is a process that is not associated with gravity, recognizing it is important as treatment is simple and can minimize patient and family distress.

Concerted Model of Healthcare for Awá Indigenous of Nariño, Colombia.

Indigenous communities in Colombia are facing a critical health situation; alternative health care models based on the vision of the communities themselves are needed. The objective of this research was to create a health care model that decreases health inequities for the Indigenous Awá population of Nariño, Colombia. This study was guided by the paradigm of community-based participatory action research; the process was carried out in 2015 and 2016. The proposed Intercultural Health Care Model is essentially based on health promotion, disease prevention, community empowerment, social participation in health, decentralized health care and coordination between the two medicines (traditional and allopathic). Strategies such as those reported herein, with concerted efforts rather than imposition, maintain human rights and respect for the sovereignty and autonomy of Indigenous people.

Prevalence of the practice of physical activity and its associated factors in adult Colombian pregnant women / Prevalencia y factores asociados con la práctica de actividad física en mujeres gestantes adultas en Colombia

Introduction: Physical activity during pregnancy can be useful in the prevention of gestational complications. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of physical activity in adult Colombian pregnant women and its associated factors. Materials and methods: A secondary analysis of data from the 2015 National Nutrition Survey in Colombia was conducted. The total sample included 906 pregnant women. Leisure-time, commuting, and global physical activity were measured with the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Factors associated with PA were evaluated through negative binomial regression models. Results: The prevalence of physical activity in pregnant women was 12.57% (95% CI=8.41-18.38), 28.66% (95% CI=23.29-34.70), and 36.33% (95% CI=30.92-42.11) in the leisuretime, commuting and global domains, respectively. Factors associated with leisure-time physical activity were living in Bogotá (prevalence ratio, PR=2.41; 95% CI=1.16-4.99), being in the third gestational trimester (PR=2.13; 95% CI=1.17-3.87), obtaining access to physical activity programs (PR=1.75; 95% CI=1.07-2.87), having a high school education (PR=0.51; 95% CI=0.29-0.91), and being in the second (PR=0.45; 95% CI=0.24-0.81), third and fourth quartiles of wealth (PR=0.43; 95% CI=0.23-0.80). Factors associated with physical activity while commuting were having at least one child (PR=1.60; 95% CI=1.14-2.24), living in Bogotá (PR=1.84; 95% CI=1.23-2.73), living with a partner (PR=0.66; 95% CI=0.49-0.89), and completing between one and four prenatal care sessions (PR=0.53; 95% CI=0.37-0.76). Conclusions: The prevalence of physical activity in pregnant Colombian women is worryingly low. Programs and projects aimed at promoting physical activity during pregnancy are needed.

Introducción. La actividad física durante el embarazo puede ser útil para la prevención de complicaciones gestacionales. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de actividad física en mujeres gestantes adultas en Colombia y evaluar los factores asociados con su práctica. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un análisis secundario de la información recolectada en la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional en Colombia del 2015. La muestra incluyó 906 mujeres gestantes. La actividad física en los dominios de tiempo libre, transporte y global se evaluó con la versión larga del International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Los factores asociados se evaluaron mediante modelos de regresión binomial negativa. Resultados. La prevalencia del cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física en las participantes fue de 12,57 % (IC95% 8,41-18,38), 28,66 % (IC95% 23,29-34,70) y 36,33 % (IC95% 30,92-42,11) en los dominios de tiempo libre, transporte y global, respectivamente. Los factores asociados con el dominio de tiempo libre fueron: residir en Bogotá (razón de prevalencia, RP=2,41; IC95% 1,16-4,99), encontrarse en el tercer trimestre de la gestación (RP=2,13; IC95% 1,17-3,87), disponer de programas de actividad física dirigida (RP=1,75; IC95% 1,07-2,87), nivel educativo de secundaria (RP=0,51; IC95% 0,29-0,91), y pertenecer a los cuartiles de riqueza dos (RP=0,45; IC95% 0,24-0,81), tres y cuatro (RP=0,43; IC95% 0,23-0,80). Los factores asociados con el transporte fueron: tener, por lo menos, un hijo (RP=1,60; IC95% 1,14-2,24), residir en Bogotá (RP=1,84; IC95% 1,23-2,73), convivir con compañero sentimental (RP=0,66: IC95% 0,49-0,89) y haber asistido a entre uno y cuatro controles prenatales (RP=0,53; IC95% 0,37-0,76). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la actividad física en mujeres gestantes colombianas es preocupantemente baja. Se requiere la implementación de programas y proyectos orientados a la promoción de la actividad física durante el embarazo.

Prevalencia y factores asociados con la práctica de actividad física en mujeres gestantes adultas en Colombia / Prevalence of the practice of physical activity and its associated factors in adult Colombian pregnant women

Introducción. La actividad física durante el embarazo puede ser útil para la prevención de complicaciones gestacionales. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de actividad física en mujeres gestantes adultas en Colombia y evaluar los factores asociados con su práctica. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un análisis secundario de la información recolectada en la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional en Colombia del 2015. La muestra incluyó 906 mujeres gestantes. La actividad física en los dominios de tiempo libre, transporte y global se evaluó con la versión larga del International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Los factores asociados se evaluaron mediante modelos de regresión binomial negativa. Resultados. La prevalencia del cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física en las participantes fue de 12,57 % (IC95% 8,41-18,38), 28,66 % (IC95% 23,29-34,70) y 36,33 % (IC95% 30,92-42,11) en los dominios de tiempo libre, transporte y global, respectivamente. Los factores asociados con el dominio de tiempo libre fueron: residir en Bogotá (razón de prevalencia, RP=2,41; IC95% 1,16-4,99), encontrarse en el tercer trimestre de la gestación (RP=2,13; IC95% 1,17-3,87), disponer de programas de actividad física dirigida (RP=1,75; IC95% 1,07-2,87), nivel educativo de secundaria (RP=0,51; IC95% 0,29-0,91), y pertenecer a los cuartiles de riqueza dos (RP=0,45; IC95% 0,24-0,81), tres y cuatro (RP=0,43; IC95% 0,23-0,80). Los factores asociados con el transporte fueron: tener, por lo menos, un hijo (RP=1,60; IC95% 1,14-2,24), residir en Bogotá (RP=1,84; IC95% 1,23-2,73), convivir con compañero sentimental (RP=0,66: IC95% 0,49-0,89) y haber asistido a entre uno y cuatro controles prenatales (RP=0,53; IC95% 0,37-0,76). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la actividad física en mujeres gestantes colombianas es preocupantemente baja. Se requiere la implementación de programas y proyectos orientados a la promoción de la actividad física durante el embarazo.

Introduction: Physical activity during pregnancy can be useful in the prevention of gestational complications. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of physical activity in adult Colombian pregnant women and its associated factors. Materials and methods: A secondary analysis of data from the 2015 National Nutrition Survey in Colombia was conducted. The total sample included 906 pregnant women. Leisure-time, commuting, and global physical activity were measured with the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Factors associated with PA were evaluated through negative binomial regression models. Results: The prevalence of physical activity in pregnant women was 12.57% (95% CI=8.41- 18.38), 28.66% (95% CI=23.29-34.70), and 36.33% (95% CI=30.92-42.11) in the leisuretime, commuting and global domains, respectively. Factors associated with leisure-time physical activity were living in Bogotá (prevalence ratio, PR=2.41; 95% CI=1.16-4.99), being in the third gestational trimester (PR=2.13; 95% CI=1.17-3.87), obtaining access to physical activity programs (PR=1.75; 95% CI=1.07-2.87), having a high school education (PR=0.51; 95% CI=0.29-0.91), and being in the second (PR=0.45; 95% CI=0.24-0.81), third and fourth quartiles of wealth (PR=0.43; 95% CI=0.23-0.80). Factors associated with physical activity while commuting were having at least one child (PR=1.60; 95% CI=1.14-2.24), living in Bogotá (PR=1.84; 95% CI=1.23-2.73), living with a partner (PR=0.66; 95% CI=0.49-0.89), and completing between one and four prenatal care sessions (PR=0.53; 95% CI=0.37-0.76). Conclusions: The prevalence of physical activity in pregnant Colombian women is worryingly low. Programs and projects aimed at promoting physical activity during pregnancy are needed.

Validez facial y de contenido de un instrumento para identificar parto humanizado / Facial and content validity of an instrument to identify humanized childbirth

Resumen Introducción: El parto humanizado es considerado un constructo polisémico, multidimensional y multifactorial, dado que no existe una única definición concertada. En este sentido, medir su frecuencia constituye un reto complejo, pues los instrumentos que valoran la experiencia del parto están orientados a determinar la satisfacción de la madre y no han sido validados. En Colombia, el parto humanizado ha sido poco estudiado. Objetivo: Diseñar y realizar la validación facial y de contenido de un instrumento para identificación de parto humanizado. Metodología: Investigación metodológica llevada a cabo entre marzo de 2019 y febrero de 2020 en seis ciudades de Colombia (Barranquilla, Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Manizales, Medellín y Pasto). El estudio se realizó en cuatro fases: 1) revisión de literatura, 2) construcción del instrumento, 3). adaptación cultural del cuestionario, 4) prueba de validez facial y de contenido con expertos, en dos rondas de calificación. Se calcularon índices de validez facial y contenido para el instrumento y para los componentes de este. Resultados: Luego de revisada la literatura, se construyó un instrumento de 38 componentes, que fue adaptado culturalmente por 16 mujeres, y validado a través de una prueba facial y de contenido por parte de 20 expertos. En los resultados de validez, se obtuvo un índice de validez facial para todo el instrumento de 0,89, con un valor mínimo de 0,52 y máximo de 1,0 para los componentes. Se obtuvo un índice de validez de contenido para todo el instrumento de 0,91, con valor mínimo de 0,44 y máximo de 1,0 para los componentes. Hechos los ajustes, se propone un instrumento final conformado por 35 componentes. Conclusión: El instrumento permite identificar la presencia de parto humanizado. Los resultados de las pruebas de validez facial y de contenido avalan su aplicación en el contexto colombiano y su uso para investigaciones futuras.

Abstract Introduction: Humanized childbirth is considered a polysemy multidimensional and multifactorial construct, since there is no single agree definition. In this sense, measuring whether or not there was humanized childbirth is a complex challenge. Most of the instruments that measure the experience of childbirth are aimed at measuring the satisfaction of the mother. In Colombia, the measurement of humanized childbirth has been little studied. Objective: Design and perform facial and content validation of an instrument to measure humanized childbirth. Methodology: Methodological research study carried out between March 2019 and February 2020 in six capital cities of Colombia (Barranquilla, Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Manizales, Medellin and Pasto). The study was conducted in four phases: 1. Literature review; 2. Construction of the instrument; 3. Cultural adaptation of the questionnaire; 4. Facial and expert content validity test performed in two qualifying rounds. Indices of facial and content validity were calculated for the instrument and its components. Results: After reviewing the literature, an instrument confirmed by 38 components was built, this was culturally adapted by sixteen women, validated through a facial and content test by twenty experts. In the results of facial validity, a Facial Validity Index was obtained for the entire instrument of 0.89, with a minimum value of 0.52 and a maximum of 1.0 for the components. For content validity, a Content Validity Index of 0.91 was obtained for the entire instrument, with a minimum value of 0.44 and a maximum of 1.0 for the components. Once the adjustments have been made, a final instrument consisting of 35 components is proposed. Conclusion: The instrument makes it possible to identify humanized childbirth care in Colombia. The results of facial validity and content tests by experts support its application in the Colombian context and its use for future research.

Liderazgo en enfermería y factores sociodemográficos asociados: percepción de líderes y clasificadores / Liderança em enfermagem, fatores sociodemográficos e profissionais associados: percepção de líderes e enfermeiros classificadores / Nursing Leadership, Associated Sociodemographic and Professional Factors: The Perception of Leaders and Evaluators

Objective: To assess the leadership styles of the assistance Nursing professionals and their associated sociodemographic and professional factors. Materials and methods: An analytical and cross-sectional study. The sample comprised 75 Nursing professionals and 170 Nursing assistants selected for convenience. The Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire was applied to assess leadership and the organizational result variables. Results: The predominant leadership styles were as follows: transformational (mean of 3.43) and transactional (3.40), which presented high correlation rates with satisfaction, efficacy and additional effort. The leadership style least perceived by the staff was corrective/avoidance (2.10). In transformational leadership, behavioral influence and inspirational motivation presented better scores in the leaders' self-perception. Age, marital status and having children evidenced statistically significant differences with the transformational and transactional leadership styles; work experience was significant with transactional leadership. Conclusions: In their work, Nursing professionals denote encouraging practices that are inherent to transformational leadership, which is related to changes in the organizational culture, leads to motivating and inspiring the subordinates to transcend the routines and increases their satisfaction and commitment to their duties, thus being an important factor in health institutions.

Objetivo: evaluar los estilos de liderazgo de los profesionales de enfermería asistencial y sus factores sociodemográficos y profesionales asociados. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal analítico. La muestra correspondió a 75 profesionales de enfermería y 170 auxiliares de enfermería seleccionados a conveniencia. Se aplicó el instrumento Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire para la evaluación del liderazgo y las variables de resultado organizacional. Resultados: los estilos de liderazgo predominantes fueron el transformacional (promedio 3,43) y transaccional (3,40), estos presentaron alta correlación con la satisfacción, eficacia y esfuerzo extra. El liderazgo correctivo/evitador fue el menos percibido por el personal (2,10). En el liderazgo transformacional, la influencia conductual y la motivación inspiracional presentaron mejores puntajes desde la autopercepción de los líderes. Se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con la edad, estado civil y tener hijos con el liderazgo transformacional y transaccional; la experiencia laboral fue significativa con el liderazgo transaccional. Conclusiones: los profesionales de enfermería denotan en su desempeño el estimular prácticas propias del liderazgo transformacional, lo cual está relacionado con cambios en la cultura organizacional, conlleva a motivar e inspirar a los seguidores para trascender lo rutinario, incrementa su satisfacción y compromiso en sus labores siendo un factor importante en las instituciones de salud.

Objetivo: avaliar os estilos de liderança dos profissionais de enfermagem assistencial e seus fatores sociodemográficos e profissionais associados. Materiais e métodos: estudo de corte transversal analítico. A amostra correspondeu a 75 profissionais de enfermagem e 170 auxiliares de enfermagem selecionados por conveniência. Foi aplicado o instrumento Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire para avaliar a liderança e as variáveis de resultado organizacional. Resultados: os estilos de liderança predominantes foram o transformacional (média 3,43) e transacional (3,40), os quais apresentaram alta correlação com satisfação, eficácia e esforço extra. A liderança corretiva ou evitadora foi a menos percebida pela equipe (2,10). Na liderança transformacional, a influência comportamental e a motivação inspiracional apresentaram melhores pontuações segundo a autopercepção dos líderes. Foram evidenciadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas com idade, estado civil e ter filhos com a liderança transformacional e transacional; a experiência profissional foi significativa com a liderança transacional. Conclusões: os profissionais de enfermagem denotam em seu desempenho o estímulo de práticas próprias da liderança transformacional, o que está relacionado com mudanças na cultura organizacional, leva a motivar e inspirar os seguidores para transcender a rotina, aumenta sua satisfação e comprometimento com o trabalho, sendo um fator importante nas instituições de saúde.

Prevalence and characterization of urinary tract infection in socially vulnerable pregnant women in Bucaramanga, Colombia / Prevalencia y caracterización de la infección del tracto urinario en mujeres gestantes en condiciones de vulnerabilidad social de Bucaramanga, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common medical complication during pregnancy and is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of UTI in socially vulnerable pregnant women in Bucaramanga, Colombia, and to characterize these cases. Also, to identify the factors associated with the development of this complication and the antibiotic resistance profile of the microorganisms causing the infection. Materials and methods: Secondary analysis of the data obtained in a main study conducted on 838 pregnant women treated by the public healthcare network of Bucaramanga. The prevalence of UTI was estimated considering the number of pregnant women with a urine culture report (n=648). A descriptive analysis of the sample characteristics and a bivariate analysis were performed to evaluate the differences in the diagnosis of UTI. Finally, factors associated with UTI were estimated using a binomial logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence of UTI during pregnancy was 14.51% (n=94). For each year that maternal age increased, a 6% reduction in the prevalence of UTI (PR: 0.94 95% CI: 0.90-0.98, p<0.001) was observed. Moreover, an association was found between having a history of UTI and developing this complication during pregnancy (PR: 3.6 95% CI: 1.81-7.08, p= 0.005). The most common pathogens isolated were E. Coli (75.53%) and Klebsiella spp (17.02%). Conclusion: About 15% of the participants had UTI, so it is necessary to implement health education strategies aimed at socially vulnerable pregnant women, mainly the youngest and those with a history of UTI, to reduce its occurrence and possible consequences for maternal-fetal health. Furthermore, the data reported herein may help develop public policies to improve prevention and care of UTI in this population.

Resumen Introducción. La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) es la complicación médica más frecuente durante el embarazo y se asocia con desenlaces materno-perinatales negativos. Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de ITU en gestantes en condiciones de vulnerabilidad social de Bucaramanga, Colombia, y realizar una caracterización de los casos de ITU. Además, identificar los factores asociados al desarrollo de esta complicación y el perfil de resistencia antibiótica de los microorganismos causantes de la infección. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un análisis secundario de los datos obtenidos en un estudio principal que incluyó 838 gestantes atendidas en la red pública de atención de Bucaramanga. La prevalencia de ITU se estimó considerando el número de gestantes con reporte de urocultivo (n=648). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las características de la muestra y un análisis bivariado para evaluar las diferencias en el diagnóstico de ITU. Finalmente, se estimaron los factores asociados a ITU mediante un modelo de regresión log binomial. Resultados. La prevalencia de ITU durante el embarazo fue del 14.51% (n = 94). Se observó que por cada año de aumento en la edad materna hubo una reducción del 6% en la prevalencia de ITU (RP: 0.94, IC95%: 0.90-0.98, p=0.005); además, se encontró una asociación entre tener antecedentes de ITU y desarrollar esta complicación durante la gestación (RP: 3.6, IC95%: 1.81-7.08, p<0.001). Los patógenos aislados más frecuentes fueron Escherichia Coli (75.53%) y Klebsiella spp (17.02%). Conclusión. Cerca del 15% de las participantes tuvieron ITU, por lo que se requiere implementar estrategias de educación en salud dirigidas a las gestantes socialmente vulnerables, principalmente a las más jóvenes y aquellas con antecedentes de ITU, con el fin de reducir su ocurrencia y sus posibles consecuencias para la salud materno-fetal. Igualmente, los datos reportados aquí pueden ayudar al desarrollo de políticas públicas que busquen mejorar la prevención y atención de dicha complicación en esta población.

Conocimientos y prácticas sobre infección respiratoria aguda en cuidadores de menores de 5 años de dos comunas de Bucaramanga, Colombia / Knowledge and practices on acute respiratory infection in caregivers of children under 5 years of age from two communes in Bucaramanga, Colombia / Conhecimentos e práticas sobre infecção respiratória aguda em cuidadores de crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade de duas comunidades de Bucaramanga, Colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: Describir los conocimientos y las prácticas sobre infección respiratoria aguda por parte de cuidadores de menores de 5 años, de las comunas más pobladas y pobres de Bucaramanga, Colombia, y su asociación con variables sociodemográficas y del contexto. Metodología: Estudio de corte. Se realizó muestreo secuencial de cuidadores de menores de 5 años de edad, usuarios de centros de salud de primer nivel de atención de las comunas más pobres de la capital de Santander. Se realizó entrevista sobre conocimientos y prácticas de prevención y control de infección respiratoria aguda. Se calificaron como adecuados o no, usando lineamientos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se compararon con base en el grupo de mayor prevalencia de conocimientos y prácticas adecuados, y se exploraron asociaciones con las variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: Participaron 403 cuidadores, 92,6 % mujeres, 45,9 % mayores de 24 años. En total, 236 tenían conocimiento adecuado y 286 reportaron prácticas adecuadas de prevención. El análisis multivariado mostró que cuidadores con 25 años o más, y escolaridad de 5 o más años, tienen mayor prevalencia de conocimientos y prácticas adecuados. Conclusión: La edad y el nivel educativo de los cuidadores están asociados a prácticas adecuadas de prevención y control de la infección respiratoria aguda. Estos hallazgos orientan a focalizar la educación en cuidadores jóvenes con baja educación, recomendaciones contempladas en la ruta de promoción de la salud del Modelo de Atención Integral en Salud en Colombia.

Abstract Objective: Describe the knowledge and practices of acute respiratory infection by caregivers of children under 5 years of age from the most populous and poorest communities of Bucaramanga, Colombia, and their association with sociodemographic and context variables. Methodology: Cross-sectional study Sequential sampling of carers of children under 5 years of age, users of first-level health care centers in the poorest communities of the capital of Santander, was carried out. An interview was conducted on knowledge and practices of preventing and controlling acute respiratory infections. Answers were rated as adequate or inadequate, using the World Health Organization's guidelines. They were compared based on the group with the highest prevalence of adequate knowledge and practices, and associations with sociodemographic variables were explored. Results: 403 caregivers participated; 92.6% were women and 45.9% were older than 24. In total, 236 had adequate knowledge and 286 reported adequate prevention practices. The multivariate analysis showed that caregivers aged 25 years and over with a schooling of five or more years have a higher prevalence of adequate knowledge and practices. Conclusions: The age and educational level of caregivers is associated with knowledge of appropriate practices for preventing and controlling acute respiratory infections. These findings guide the focus of education on young carers with a lower level of education, recommendations considered in the promotion of the Comprehensive Health Care Model in Colombia's health route.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever o conhecimento e as práticas de infecção respiratória aguda dos cuidadores de crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade, das comunidades mais populosas e pobres de Bucaramanga, na Colômbia, e a sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e do contexto. Metodologia: Estudo de corte. Foi realizada uma amostragem sequencial de cuidadores de crianças menores de 5 anos, usuários de centros de saúde de primeiro nível de atenção nas comunidades mais pobres da capital do Departamento de Santander. Realizou-se entrevista sobre conhecimentos e práticas de prevenção e controle da infecção respiratória aguda. Classificaram-se como adequados ou não, usando diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Compararam-se com base no grupo com maior prevalência de conhecimentos e práticas adequadas, e foram exploradas associações com variáveis sociodemográficas. Resultados: 403 cuidadores participaram, 92,6 % mulheres, 45,9 % com mais de 24 anos. No total, 236 tinham conhecimento adequado e 286 mencionaram práticas de prevenção adequadas. A análise multivariada mostrou que cuidadores com 25 anos ou mais, e escolaridade de 5 anos ou mais, têm maior prevalência de conhecimentos e práticas adequadas. Conclusão: A idade e o nível educativo dos cuidadores estão associados às práticas adequadas para a prevenção e o controle da infecção respiratória aguda. Estes resultados orientam o foco da educação em cuidadores jovens com baixa escolaridade, recomendações consideradas na rota de promoção da saúde do Modelo de Atenção Integral à Saúde na Colômbia.

Targeting metabolic plasticity in glioma stem cells in vitro and in vivo through specific inhibition of c-Src by TAT-Cx43266-283.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain tumour and has a very poor prognosis. Inhibition of c-Src activity in glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs, responsible for glioblastoma lethality) and primary glioblastoma cells by the peptide TAT-Cx43266-283 reduces tumorigenicity, and boosts survival in preclinical models. Because c-Src can modulate cell metabolism and several reports revealed poor clinical efficacy of various antitumoral drugs due to metabolic rewiring in cancer cells, here we explored the inhibition of advantageous GSC metabolic plasticity by the c-Src inhibitor TAT-Cx43266-283. METHODS: Metabolic impairment induced by the c-Src inhibitor TAT-Cx43266-283 in vitro was assessed by fluorometry, western blotting, immunofluorescence, qPCR, enzyme activity assays, electron microscopy, Seahorse analysis, time-lapse imaging, siRNA, and MTT assays. Protein expression in tumours from a xenograft orthotopic glioblastoma mouse model was evaluated by immunofluorescence. FINDINGS: TAT-Cx43266-283 decreased glucose uptake in human GSCs and reduced oxidative phosphorylation without a compensatory increase in glycolysis, with no effect on brain cell metabolism, including rat neurons, human and rat astrocytes, and human neural stem cells. TAT-Cx43266-283 impaired metabolic plasticity, reducing GSC growth and survival under different nutrient environments. Finally, GSCs intracranially implanted with TAT-Cx43266-283 showed decreased levels of important metabolic targets for cancer therapy, such as hexokinase-2 and GLUT-3. INTERPRETATION: The reduced ability of TAT-Cx43266-283-treated GSCs to survive in metabolically challenging settings, such as those with restricted nutrient availability or the ever-changing in vivo environment, allows us to conclude that the advantageous metabolic plasticity of GSCs can be therapeutically exploited through the specific and cell-selective inhibition of c-Src by TAT-Cx43266-283. FUNDING: Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (FEDER BFU2015-70040-R and FEDER RTI2018-099873-B-I00), Fundación Ramón Areces. Fellowships from the Junta de Castilla y León, European Social Fund, Ministerio de Ciencia and Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC).

Extracellular Vesicles: Current Analytical Techniques for Detection and Quantification.

Since their first observation, understanding the biology of extracellular vesicles (EV) has been an important and challenging field of study. They play a key role in the intercellular communication and are involved in important physiological and pathological functions. Therefore, EV are considered as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring the response to treatment in some diseases. In addition, due to their properties, EV may be used for therapeutic purposes. In the study of EV, three major points have to be addressed: 1. How to isolate EV from cell culture supernatant/biological fluids, 2. how to detect them, and 3. how to characterize and quantify. In this review, we focus on the last two questions and provide the main analytical techniques up-to-date for detection and profiling of EV. We critically analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each one, aimed to be of relevance for all researchers working on EV biology and their potential applications.